MySQL多表查询实例详解【链接查询、子查询等】
时间:2019-12-22来源:系统城作者:电脑系统城
本文实例讲述了MySQL多表查询。分享给大家供大家参考,具体如下:
准备工作:准备两张表,部门表(department)、员工表(employee)
- create table department(
- id int,
- name varchar(20)
- );
- create table employee(
- id int primary key auto_increment,
- name varchar(20),
- sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
- age int,
- dep_id int
- );
-
- #插入数据
- insert into department values
- (200,'技术'),
- (201,'人力资源'),
- (202,'销售'),
- (203,'运营');
- insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
- ('egon','male',18,200),
- ('alex','female',48,201),
- ('wupeiqi','male',38,201),
- ('yuanhao','female',28,202),
- ('nvshen','male',18,200),
- ('xiaomage','female',18,204)
- ;
-
- # 查看表结构和数据
- mysql> desc department;
- +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
- +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
- | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
- +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- 2 rows in set (0.19 sec)
-
- mysql> desc employee;
- +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
- | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
- +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
- | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
- | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
- | sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
- | age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
- | dep_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
- +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
- 5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
-
- mysql> select * from department;
- +------+--------------+
- | id | name |
- +------+--------------+
- | 200 | 技术 |
- | 201 | 人力资源 |
- | 202 | 销售 |
- | 203 | 运营 |
- +------+--------------+
- 4 rows in set (0.02 sec)
-
- mysql> select * from employee;
- +----+----------+--------+------+--------+
- | id | name | sex | age | dep_id |
- +----+----------+--------+------+--------+
- | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 |
- | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 |
- | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 |
- | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 |
- | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 |
- | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 |
- +----+----------+--------+------+--------+
- 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
ps:观察两张表,发现department表中id=203部门在employee中没有对应的员工,发现employee中id=6的员工在department表中没有对应关系。
一多表链接查询
SELECT 字段列表
FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
(1)先看第一种情况交叉连接:不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积.--->重复最多
- mysql> select * from employee,department;
- +----+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
- | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name |
- +----+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
- | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
- | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 |
- | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 |
- | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 |
- | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 200 | 技术 |
- | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
- | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 202 | 销售 |
- | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 203 | 运营 |
- | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 200 | 技术 |
- | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
- | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 202 | 销售 |
- | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 203 | 运营 |
- | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 200 | 技术 |
- | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 201 | 人力资源 |
- | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 |
- | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 203 | 运营 |
- | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
- | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 |
- | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 |
- | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 |
- | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 200 | 技术 |
- | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 201 | 人力资源 |
- | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 202 | 销售 |
- | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 203 | 运营 |
-
(2)内连接:只连接匹配的行,以双方为基准
- #找两张表共有的部分,相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了匹配的结果
- #department没有204这个部门,因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来
- mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
- +----+---------+------+--------+--------------+
- | id | name | age | sex | name |
- +----+---------+------+--------+--------------+
- | 1 | egon | 18 | male | 技术 |
- | 2 | alex | 48 | female | 人力资源 |
- | 3 | wupeiqi | 38 | male | 人力资源 |
- | 4 | yuanhao | 28 | female | 销售 |
- | 5 | nvshen | 18 | male | 技术 |
- +----+---------+------+--------+--------------+
- 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
- #上述sql等同于
- mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;
-
(3)外链接之左连接:优先显示左表全部记录
- #以左表为准,即找出所有员工信息,当然包括没有部门的员工
- #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加左边有,右边没有的结果
- mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
- +----+----------+--------------+
- | id | name | depart_name |
- +----+----------+--------------+
- | 1 | egon | 技术 |
- | 5 | nvshen | 技术 |
- | 2 | alex | 人力资源 |
- | 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 |
- | 4 | yuanhao | 销售 |
- | 6 | xiaomage | NULL |
- +----+----------+--------------+
- 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
(4) 外链接之右连接:优先显示右表全部记录
- #以右表为准,即找出所有部门信息,包括没有员工的部门
- #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加右边有,左边没有的结果
- mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
- +------+---------+--------------+
- | id | name | depart_name |
- +------+---------+--------------+
- | 1 | egon | 技术 |
- | 2 | alex | 人力资源 |
- | 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 |
- | 4 | yuanhao | 销售 |
- | 5 | nvshen | 技术 |
- | NULL | NULL | 运营 |
- +------+---------+--------------+
- 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
(5) 全外连接:显示左右两个表全部记录(了解)
#外连接:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果
#注意:mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
#强调:mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接
语法:select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
union all
select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;
- mysql> select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
- union
- select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
- ;
- +------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
- | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name |
- +------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
- | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
- | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
- | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
- | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
- | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 |
- | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | NULL | NULL |
- | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 运营 |
- +------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
- 7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
-
- #注意 union与union all的区别:union会去掉相同的纪录
-
二、符合条件连接查询
以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门
- select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department
- on employee.dep_id = department.id
- where age > 25;
-
三、子查询
#1:子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
#2:内层查询语句的查询结果,可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
#3:子查询中可以包含:IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
#4:还可以包含比较运算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等
(1)带in关键字的子查询
- #查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
- select id,name from department
- where id in
- (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);
- # 查看技术部员工姓名
- select name from employee
- where dep_id in
- (select id from department where name='技术');
- #查看不足1人的部门名
- select name from department
- where id not in
- (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id);
-
(2)带比较运算符的子查询
- #比较运算符:=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
- #查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄
- mysql> select name,age from employee where age > (select avg(age) from employee);
- +---------+------+
- | name | age |
- +---------+------+
- | alex | 48 |
- | wupeiqi | 38 |
- +---------+------+
- #查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄
-
思路:
(1)先对员工表(employee)中的人员分组(group by),查询出dep_id以及平均年龄。
(2)将查出的结果作为临时表,再对根据临时表的dep_id和employee的dep_id作为筛选条件将employee表和临时表进行内连接。
(3)最后再将employee员工的年龄是大于平均年龄的员工名字和年龄筛选。
- mysql> select t1.name,t1.age from employee as t1
- inner join
- (select dep_id,avg(age) as avg_age from employee group by dep_id) as t2
- on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id
- where t1.age > t2.avg_age;
- +------+------+
- | name | age |
- +------+------+
- | alex | 48 |
-
(3)带EXISTS关键字的子查询
- #EXISTS关字键字表示存在。在使用EXISTS关键字时,内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。而是返回一个真假值。True或False
- #当返回True时,外层查询语句将进行查询;当返回值为False时,外层查询语句不进行查询
- #department表中存在dept_id=203,Ture
- mysql> select * from employee where exists (select id from department where id=200);
- +----+----------+--------+------+--------+
- | id | name | sex | age | dep_id |
- +----+----------+--------+------+--------+
- | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 |
- | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 |
- | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 |
- | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 |
- | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 |
- | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 |
- +----+----------+--------+------+--------+
- #department表中存在dept_id=205,False
- mysql> select * from employee where exists (select id from department where id=204);
- Empty set (0.00 sec)
-
更多关于MySQL相关内容感兴趣的读者可查看本站专题:《MySQL查询技巧大全》、《MySQL常用函数大汇总》、《MySQL日志操作技巧大全》、《MySQL事务操作技巧汇总》、《MySQL存储过程技巧大全》及《MySQL数据库锁相关技巧汇总》
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