mysql完整性约束实例详解
时间:2020-01-03来源:系统城作者:电脑系统城
本文实例讲述了mysql完整性约束。分享给大家供大家参考,具体如下:
主要内容
- not null 与 default
- unique
- primary
- auto_increment
- foreign key
约束条件作用:用于保证数据的完整性和一致性
主要分为
PRIMARY KEY (PK) #标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录
FOREIGN KEY (FK) #标识该字段为该表的外键
NOT NULL #标识该字段不能为空
UNIQUE KEY (UK) #标识该字段的值是唯一的,
AUTO_INCREMENT #标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
DEFAULT #为该字段设置默认值
UNSIGNED #无符号
ZEROFILL #使用0填充
unique
在mysql中称为单列唯一
- #例子1:
- create table department(
- id int,
- name char(10) unique
- );
- mysql> insert into department values(1,'it'),(2,'it');
- ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'it' for key 'name'
- #例子2:
- create table department(
- id int unique,
- name char(10) unique
- );
- insert into department values(1,'it'),(2,'sale');
- #第二种创建unique的方式
- create table department(
- id int,
- name char(10) ,
- unique(id),
- unique(name)
- );
- insert into department values(1,'it'),(2,'sale');
-
联合唯一:只要两列记录,有一列不同,既符合联合唯一的约束
- # 创建services表
- mysql> create table services(
- -> id int,
- -> ip char(15),
- -> port int,
- -> unique(id),
- -> unique(ip,port)
- -> );
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
- mysql> desc services;
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | id | int(11) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
- | ip | char(15) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
- | port | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- 3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
- #联合唯一,只要两列记录,有一列不同,既符合联合唯一的约束
- mysql> insert into services values
- -> (1,'192,168,11,23',80),
- -> (2,'192,168,11,23',81),
- -> (3,'192,168,11,25',80);
- Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
- Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
- mysql> select * from services;
- +------+---------------+------+
- | id | ip | port |
- +------+---------------+------+
- | 1 | 192,168,11,23 | 80 |
- | 2 | 192,168,11,23 | 81 |
- | 3 | 192,168,11,25 | 80 |
- +------+---------------+------+
- 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql> insert into services values (4,'192,168,11,23',80);
- ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192,168,11,23-80' for key 'ip'
-
auto_increment
约束:约束的字段为自动增长,约束的字段必须同时被key约束
不指定id,则自动增长
- # 创建student
- create table student(
- id int primary key auto_increment,
- name varchar(20),
- sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
- );
-
- mysql> desc student;
- +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
- | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
- +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
- | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
- | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
- | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | |
- +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
- rows in set (0.17 sec)
- #插入记录
- mysql> insert into student(name) values ('老白'),('小白');
- Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
- Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
- mysql> select * from student;
- +----+--------+------+
- | id | name | sex |
- +----+--------+------+
- | 1 | 老白 | male |
- | 2 | 小白 | male |
- +----+--------+------+
- rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
指定id的情况
- mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
- mysql> select * from student;
- +----+--------+--------+
- | id | name | sex |
- +----+--------+--------+
- | 1 | 老白 | male |
- | 2 | 小白 | male |
- | 4 | asb | female |
- | 7 | wsb | female |
- +----+--------+--------+
- rows in set (0.00 sec)
- # 再次插入一条不指定id的记录,会在之前的最后一条记录继续增长
- mysql> insert into student(name) values ('大白');
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql> select * from student;
- +----+--------+--------+
- | id | name | sex |
- +----+--------+--------+
- | 1 | 老白 | male |
- | 2 | 小白 | male |
- | 4 | asb | female |
- | 7 | wsb | female |
- | 8 | 大白 | male |
- +----+--------+--------+
- rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
- mysql> delete from student;
- Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql> select * from student;
- Empty set (0.00 sec)
- mysql> select * from student;
- Empty set (0.00 sec)
- mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
- mysql> select * from student;
- +----+------+------+
- | id | name | sex |
- +----+------+------+
- | 9 | ysb | male |
- +----+------+------+
- row in set (0.00 sec)
- #应该用truncate清空表,比起delete一条一条地删除记录,truncate是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它
- mysql> truncate student;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
- mysql> insert into student(name) values('xiaobai');
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql> select * from student;
- +----+---------+------+
- | id | name | sex |
- +----+---------+------+
- | 1 | xiaobai | male |
- +----+---------+------+
- row in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql>
- auto_increment_increment和 auto_increment_offset
-
查看可用的 开头auto_inc的词
- mysql> show variables like 'auto_inc%';
- +--------------------------+-------+
- | Variable_name | Value |
- +--------------------------+-------+
- | auto_increment_increment | 1 |
- | auto_increment_offset | 1 |
- +--------------------------+-------+
- rows in set (0.02 sec)
-
- # 步长auto_increment_increment,默认为1
- # 起始的偏移量auto_increment_offset, 默认是1
- # 设置步长 为会话设置,只在本次连接中有效
- set session auto_increment_increment=5;
- #全局设置步长 都有效。
- set global auto_increment_increment=5;
- # 设置起始偏移量
- set global auto_increment_offset=3;
-
强调:If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored.
翻译:如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值,则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略
设置完起始偏移量和步长之后,再次执行show variables like'auto_inc%';
发现跟之前一样,必须先exit,再登录才有效。
- mysql> show variables like'auto_inc%';
- +--------------------------+-------+
- | Variable_name | Value |
- +--------------------------+-------+
- | auto_increment_increment | 5 |
- | auto_increment_offset | 3 |
- +--------------------------+-------+
- rows in set (0.00 sec)
- #因为之前有一条记录id=1
- mysql> select * from student;
- +----+---------+------+
- | id | name | sex |
- +----+---------+------+
- | 1 | xiaobai | male |
- +----+---------+------+
- row in set (0.00 sec)
- # 下次插入的时候,从起始位置3开始,每次插入记录id+5
- mysql> insert into student(name) values('ma1'),('ma2'),('ma3');
- Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
- mysql> select * from student;
- +----+---------+------+
- | id | name | sex |
- +----+---------+------+
- | 1 | xiaobai | male |
- | 3 | ma1 | male |
- | 8 | ma2 | male |
- | 13 | ma3 | male |
- +----+---------+------+
-
清空表区分delete和truncate的区别:
delete from t1; #如果有自增id,新增的数据,仍然是以删除前的最后一样作为起始。
truncate table t1;数据量大,删除速度比上一条快,且直接从零开始。
foreign key
理解foreign key
如上图如果一个公司有很多员工,每个员工都对应一个部门,在填表的时候就会重复写这些部门,太冗余了
我们可以将它们分离
此时有两张表,一张是employee表,简称emp表(关联表,也就从表)。一张是department表,简称dep表(被关联表,也叫主表)。
- #1.创建表时先创建被关联表,再创建关联表
- # 先创建被关联表(dep表)
- create table dep(
- id int primary key,
- name varchar(20) not null,
- descripe varchar(20) not null
- );
- #再创建关联表(emp表)
- create table emp(
- id int primary key,
- name varchar(20) not null,
- age int not null,
- dep_id int,
- constraint fk_dep foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id) //创建约束
- );
- #2.插入记录时,先往被关联表中插入记录,再往关联表中插入记录
- insert into dep values
- (1,'IT','IT技术有限部门'),
- (2,'销售部','销售部门'),
- (3,'财务部','花钱太多部门');
- insert into emp values
- (1,'zhangsan',18,1),
- (2,'lisi',19,1),
- (3,'egon',20,2),
- (4,'yuanhao',40,3),
- (5,'alex',18,2);
-
3.删除表
- #按道理来说,删除了部门表中的某个部门,员工表的有关联的记录相继删除。
- mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
- ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`db5`.`emp`, CONSTRAINT `fk_name` FOREIGN KEY (`dep_id`) REFERENCES `dep`(`id`))
- #但是先删除员工表的记录之后,再删除当前部门就没有任何问题
- mysql> delete from emp where dep_id =3;
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql> select * from emp;
- +----+----------+-----+--------+
- | id | name | age | dep_id |
- +----+----------+-----+--------+
- | 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 |
- | 2 | lisi | 18 | 1 |
- | 3 | egon | 20 | 2 |
- | 5 | alex | 18 | 2 |
- +----+----------+-----+--------+
- 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql> select * from dep;
- +----+-----------+----------------------+
- | id | name | descripe |
- +----+-----------+----------------------+
- | 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 |
- | 2 | 销售部 | 销售部门 |
- +----+-----------+----------------------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
上面的删除表记录的操作比较繁琐,按道理讲,裁掉一个部门,该部门的员工也会被裁掉。其实呢,在建表的时候还有个很重要的内容,叫同步删除,同步更新
on delete cascade #同步删除
on update cascade #同步更新
- create table emp(
- id int primary key,
- name varchar(20) not null,
- age int not null,
- dep_id int,
- constraint fk_dep foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id)
- on delete cascade #同步删除
- on update cascade #同步更新
- );
-
- #再去删被关联表(dep)的记录,关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着删除
- mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql> select * from dep;
- +----+-----------+----------------------+
- | id | name | descripe |
- +----+-----------+----------------------+
- | 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 |
- | 2 | 销售部 | 销售部门 |
- +----+-----------+----------------------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql> select * from emp;
- +----+----------+-----+--------+
- | id | name | age | dep_id |
- +----+----------+-----+--------+
- | 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 |
- | 2 | lisi | 19 | 1 |
- | 3 | egon | 20 | 2 |
- | 5 | alex | 18 | 2 |
- +----+----------+-----+--------+
- 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- #再去更改被关联表(dep)的记录,关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着更改
- mysql> update dep set id=222 where id=2;
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
- Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
- # 赶紧去查看一下两张表是否都被删除了,是否都被更改了
- mysql> select * from dep;
- +-----+-----------+----------------------+
- | id | name | descripe |
- +-----+-----------+----------------------+
- | 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 |
- | 222 | 销售部 | 销售部门 |
- +-----+-----------+----------------------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql> select * from emp;
- +----+----------+-----+--------+
- | id | name | age | dep_id |
- +----+----------+-----+--------+
- | 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 |
- | 2 | lisi | 19 | 1 |
- | 3 | egon | 20 | 222 |
- | 5 | alex | 18 | 222 |
- +----+----------+-----+--------+
- 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
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